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Depression is much more than simple unhappiness. Clinical depression,
sometimes called major depression, is a "mood disorder" that
is a significant mental health problem.
Symptoms
The main symptom of depression is a sad, despairing mood that:
- is present most days and lasts most of the day
- lasts for more than two weeks
- impairs the person's performance at work, at school or in social
relationships.
Other symptoms of depression may include:
- changes in appetite and weight
- sleep problems
- loss of interest in work, hobbies, people, sex
- withdrawal from family members and friends
- feeling useless, hopeless, excessively guilty, pessimistic or low
self-esteem
- agitation or feeling slowed-down
- irritability
- fatigue
- trouble concentrating, remembering and making decisions
- crying easily, or feeling like crying but being able to
- thoughts of suicide (which should always be taken seriously)
- a loss of touch with reality, hearing voices (hallucinations) or
having strange ideas (delusions).
Depression in women
Major depression can occur in 10 to 25 per cent of women -- almost
twice as many as men. Many hormonal factors may contribute to the increased
rate of depression in women -- particularly during times such as menstrual
cycle changes, pregnancy and postpartum, miscarriage, pre-menopause,
and menopause.
Depression in men
Men with depression typically have a higher rate of feeling irritable,
angry, and discouraged. This can make it harder to recognize depression
in men. The rate of completed suicide in men is four times that of women,
though more women attempt it.
Depression in older adults
Some people have the mistaken idea that it is normal for older adults
to feel depressed. Older adults often don't want to discuss feeling
hopeless, sad, a loss of interest in normally pleasurable activities,
or prolonged grief after a loss.
Depression in children
A child who is depressed may pretend to be sick, refuse to go to school,
cling to a parent, or worry that the parent may die. Older children
may sulk, get into trouble at school, be negative, grouchy, and feel
misunderstood. Because normal behaviours vary from one childhood stage
to another, it can be difficult to tell whether a child is just going
through a temporary "phase" or has depression.
Types of depression
Different types of depression have different symptoms. These include:
- Seasonal affective disorder -- This type of depression is usually
affected by the weather and time of the year.
- Postpartum depression -- This occurs in women, following the birth
of a child. About 13 per cent of women will experience this type of
depression.
- Depression with psychosis -- In some cases, depression may become
so severe that a person loses touch with reality and experiences hallucinations
(hearing voices or seeing people or objects that are not really there)
or delusions (beliefs that have no basis in reality).
- Dysthymia -- This is a chronically low mood with moderate symptoms
of depression.
Causes
Several factors may play a part in the onset of depression. These include:
a genetic or family history of depression, psychological or emotional
vulnerability to depression, biological factors such as imbalances in
brain chemistry and in the endocrine/immune systems, or a major stress
in the person's life.
Depressive symptoms may be the result of another illness that shares
the same symptoms, such as lupus or hypothyroidism. Depression may be
a reaction to another illness, such as cancer or a heart attack. Finally,
depression may be caused by an illness itself, such as a stroke, where
neurological changes have occurred.
Treatments
The most commonly used treatments are pharmacotherapy (medications),
psychoeducation, psychotherapy and electroconvulsive therapy. These
treatments may be used individually or in combination. Self-help organizations,
run by clients of the mental health system and their families, can be
an important part of treatment and recovery for people with depression
and their families.
Recovery
Clinical depression needs to be managed over a person's lifetime. Depression,
like disorders such as diabetes, can be effectively managed and controlled
by combining a healthy lifestyle and treatments. Watching for early
warnings of a relapse can possibly prevent a full depressive episode.
Misconceptions
People should just get over "the blues" and get on with their
lives.
Clinical depression is not just unhappiness -- it is a complex mood
disorder caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition,
personality, stress, and brain chemistry. While it can suddenly go into
remission, depression is not something that people can "get over"
by their own effort.
My life will never be normal again.
Most people can and do return to function at the level they did before
they became depressed.
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